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Rio Tinto plc
RIO · AIMX · Other Industrial Metals & Mining · United Kingdom
Rio Tinto plc is a British-Australian multinational mining company headquartered in London, England, and Melbourne, Australia. Founded in 1873, it specializes in the exploration, mining, and processing of essential commodities, serving as a cornerstone of the global resources sector. The company operates through four primary product groups: Iron Ore, with major operations in Western Australia's Pilbara region; Aluminium, encompassing bauxite mining, alumina refining, and smelting across Australia, Brazil, Canada, and other locations; Copper & Diamonds, producing copper alongside by-products like gold and silver; and Energy & Minerals, including uranium, borates, titanium dioxide, and industrial minerals. Rio Tinto plc drives innovation in autonomous mining technologies, such as its fleet of over 80 driverless vehicles that have transported billions of tonnes of material, and invests in intelligent mines like Koodaideri. With a history of mergers like the 2007 Alcan acquisition, it maintains a diversified portfolio that supports industries from construction and manufacturing to energy transition technologies, underscoring its pivotal role in supplying raw materials worldwide.
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Other Industrial Metals & Mining
Basic Materials sector · United Kingdom
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Supply Chain
Lithium Supply Chain
The lithium supply chain is shaped by three structural constraints that most commodity systems do not face simultaneously: extraction methods diverge so fundamentally that brine evaporation and hard-rock mining produce different timelines, geographies, and cost structures from the same element; chemical refining is concentrated in China regardless of where lithium is mined; and demand grows on EV product cycles while new mine development takes five to seven years, creating a timing mismatch the system cannot resolve through price alone.
Rare Earth Elements Supply Chain
The rare earth supply chain is governed by three structural constraints that most industries never encounter: rare earth elements occur together in ore and cannot be mined individually, separation requires toxic acid-based processes that produce radioactive waste, and China controls roughly sixty percent of mining and ninety percent of processing capacity worldwide.
Copper Supply Chain
The copper supply chain is shaped by three structural constraints that compound over time: ore grades are declining, forcing more energy and processing per ton of output; smelting and refining capacity is concentrated in China, which processes roughly forty percent of global copper; and new mines take ten to fifteen years from discovery to production, meaning supply cannot respond to demand on any timeline shorter than a decade.